~~~~::Team Members::~~~~

Wahana team consists of three members: Nadhirah Bte Nazir (at the left), Nur Syazwani Bt Kamaruddin (in the middle), and Noorhayati Bt Harun (at the right). It took about 8 weeks to finish up this blog, and tried so hard to go through all the difficulties during the project period as the internet was so low to publish the articles in the time given. Eventually, our team was able to do the jobs and finally, the blog is ready to be explore by everyone as there are a lot of information provided. However, without the constant guidance and encouragement of our lecturer, Mdm Rosiah Binti Othman, the team would never been able to complete this blog. Thank you Madam.

Do Enjoy Yourself Exploring The Wonderful Nature Of Earth !!

Thank You…

Best Regards,
WAHANA

Thank You For Everyone..!!!

Hope you will enjoy this blog, the blog is very useful for everyone to learn more about natural disaster. As generally known, natural disaster is the effect of a natural occuring condition that could affects the environment, involved countries, leads to financial and economy crisis and life loses. Natural disasters occur in many types and sizes such as earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and lightning. These are merely a few of the beautiful yet destructive natural disaster that plague our lives. Therefore, please enjoy yourselves and have a wonderful time exploring these natural wonders.

**Types of Lightning**

When the lightning occur, we can see the varieties of lightning. This is because lightning can be categorized into a few types.

Ground to Cloud

Ground to Cloud Lightning is familiar types of lightning that most of us see. This lightning is call ground to cloud because its discharge from the ground to the cloud. The ground act as lake of electrical charge and the cloud gain the charge. The ground need to balance the charge by gathering the opposite charge under the clouds system. When the difference between the charge increase, it break down and the lightning occurs. Usually this lightning occur from the ground and flows upwards to the clouds.

Cloud to Cloud

Cloud to Cloud Lightning occurs between two clouds or two layers of clouds. Both clouds have different or opposite charge. This opposite charge needed and must be great enough for the air to break down. When the charge is extreme, the lightning between two clouds will be happened.

Ball Lightning

Ball Lightning is one of phenomenon where a luminous sphere. This sphere is only several centimeters in the diameter. The lightning is float through the near ground and can last a few second. After that, it can explodes and the lightning occurs.

What Is Lightning?

Lightning...

Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity that accompanied with thunder. It usually occurs during thunderstorms and sometime during volcanic eruptions. When atmospheric discharge the electricity, the leader of bolt of lightning can travel at speed 60000 m/s and its temperature can reach until 30000 oC. Based on the statistic, approximately 16 million lightning storms occur in the world every years.

How Lightning Occurs?

Lightning occur due to the great difference of charge between two regions. When the difference of charge achieve a certain point, air between two regions become ionize or breaks down and cause the lightning to occurs. When this phenomena happens, the larger amount of energy is used and converted into light, heats and sound. That is why during lightning, it sound like thunder.

:: ~Causes of Tsunami~::

Most tsunamis are generated by underwater earthquakes



Normally, tsunamis are generated by underwater earthquake, it happen when there is a sudden large displacement of water, it produced by convergent or destructive plate boundaries abruptly move and vertically displace the overlying water. Tsunamis also causes by these mechanisms, it may dissipate quickly and rarely effect distant coastlines due to the small sea area affected, the effect can caused huge effect for many human and the countries when it happen. There are three main causes of tsunamis:

1.Seismic Activity

Seismic activity is the most common cause of tsunamis. Both tectonic and subduction earthquakes in and near the ocean may create tsunamis. During a tectonic earthquake, the sea floor becomes deformed, forcing a displacement of water. In a subduction earthquake, tectonic plates slip under each other, creating a massive disturbance, also resulting in a significant displacement of water.







2.Submarine Landslides

Submarine landslides can also cause tsunamis. Submarine landslides occur during earthquakes and the implosion of underwater volcanoes. The falling sediment and rock in these landslides can also trigger massive water movement, resulting in a tsunami.


i)
Submarine earthquake













ii)
Submarine volcano













iii)
Submarine gas bubble erupting
















3.Cosmic Impacts


Cosmic impacts in the ocean are the least frequent cause of tsunamis. This is similar to throwing a rock into a pond, except on a much larger scale. When the rock hits the water, it creates small ripples of water moving away from the point of impact. In a cosmic impact, these ripples would instead be massive tsunamis, increasing in size as they near the shore.

::~Tsunami~::

Hi...everyone, more knowledge about the Natural Disaster had been published in this blog just to share the information with everyone so that appropriate action can be taken to save life. Tsunami is the most horrifies natural disaster which causes by a strong earthquake under the ocean bed. The vibrations travel through the water and could reaches to thousands kilometers from the tragedy location. The giant tsunami effect can destroy an entire country and killing many people. The picture below showed the examples of the destructive power of tsunamis at Acheh city.

-All About Valcano-


The word of volcano was get from the name of Vulcano Island. Volcano is a rupted of planet's

surface which allow hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface.



Volcano can be divided into 3 group:

1. Dormant - volcano that not erupted for a long time but have possibility to erupt again.
2. Extinct - volcano that have erupted for thousands years and might be dead.
3. Active Volcano - volcano that erupt rarely and can be erupted again soon.

Part of Volcano

1. Large magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Dike
7. Layers of ash emitted by volcano
8. Flank
9. Layers of lava emitted by volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14. Crater
15. Ash cloud

Types of Volcano

Volcanoe because of repeated of ereptions. There are some tyoes of volcano based on their types of material:

1. Stratovolcano - buils from eruptions of lava and tephra that pile up in layers like cake. These type of volcanoes form symmetrical cones withsteep sides.
   


2. Cinder Cone Volcano - buils from erupting lava that rupture into small pieces. Lava pieces move downward to the ground, it cool and become harden into cinders. Cinder cone.


3. Shield Volcano - form from eruptions of flowing lava. Lava spread up and form gentle sloping slope. These shape are resembles a warrior's shield.

:: ~Types for Hurricane~::

1. Hurricane Andrew







 Parts of Homestead, Florida, lie in ruins after Hurricane Andrew tore through the area with Category 5 winds. Andrew follows Katrina as the second-most destructive U.S. hurricane on record, with winds topping 164 miles (264 kilometers) per hour.



2. Hurricane Allen







Palm trees bend as Hurricane Allen lashes the Texas Gulf Coast with 100-mile-per-hour (160- kilometer-per-hour) winds in 1980. Hurricanes form over warm water that is at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius)



3. Hurricane Ivan







Storm surge from Hurricane Ivan cut a channel through this barrier island near Pensacola, Florida. The Category 5 storm was the strongest of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.



4. Surfing a Hurricane








Two daring beachgoers brave hurricane-driven surf in North Palm Beach, Florida. Hurricanes that hit the U.S. East Coast typically form over the tropics between June and November.



5. Wind and Rain, Florida







Wind and rain pummel a building and surrounding palm trees during a hurricane in Florida. The state's location between three bodies of water—the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Gulf of Mexico to the west, and Florida Straits to the south—makes it especially prone to hurricanes.



6. Flying through Hurricane's Eye







After slicing through violent wind, rain, hail, and updrafts, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration P-3 plane flies in the calm eye of Hurricane Caroline. Specially equipped NOAA aircraft collect meteorological data from the upper atmosphere for hurricane forecasting.

::~How Hurricane Happen~::

Hurricanes happen when the oceans waters have been warmed with surface temperature of at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.5 degrees Celsius) during summer months. These low pressure systems are fed by energy from the warm seas. If a storm achieves wind speeds of 38 miles (61 kilometers) an hour, if becomes knows as a tropical depression from tropical storm. When a storm’s sustained wind speed reaches 74 miles (119 kilometers) an hour it becomes a hurricane and earns a category rating of 1 to 5on the Saffir-Simpson scale. In the North Atlantic, hurricane season is from June 1 to November 30.

-:: What are Hurricanes..??-::-

Hurricane are huge storms, it can be up to 600 miles across and have strong winds speeds over 160 miles(257 kilometers) an hour and unleash more than 2.4 trillion gallons (9 trillion liters) of rain a day, These same tropical storms are known as cyclones. The center of the storm is the calmest part or it also can call the eye and has only light winds and fair weather, the low level storm winds blow counterclockwise around the eye in the Northern Hemisphere(clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere), and above 9 km, wind spiral outwards and clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.









Hurricanes are enormous heat engines that generate energy on a staggering scale. They draw heat from warm, moist ocean air and release it through condensation of water vapor in thunderstorms. Hurricanes spin around a low-pressure center known as the “eye.” Sinking air makes this 20- to 30-mile-wide (32- to 48-kilometer-wide) area notoriously calm. But the eye is surrounded by a circular “eye wall” that hosts the storm’s strongest winds and rain.


Hurricane has 6 categories based on their scale for wind speeds are:
Categories 1 – has sustained winds from 74 to 95 mph.
Categories 2 – has sustained winds from 96 to 110 mph.
Categories 3 – has sustained winds from 111 to 130 mph.
Categories 4 – has sustained winds from 131 to 155 mph.
Categories 5 – has sustained winds greater than 155 mph.
Categories 6 – would be greater than 175 or 180 mph

~Floods Warning~

Map above is a picture of the states whose Automated Flood Warning System (AFWS) are part of an IFLOWS network.

The symbols above showed Automated Floods Warning System (AFWS) is a cooperative effort managed by the IFLOWS Program of the National Weather Service.This program can give more information about floods categories, text products, shapefiles, and KML/KMZ files, all the information can help many people to get ready before floods disaster will come.

Flood Everywhere

Flood is on of natural disaster. This disaster happen almost over the world include Malaysia.

Flood in Malaysia

Heavy monsoon rains cause flood in Malaysia. Kelantan never missed from gain horrible flood because of the location of Sungai Kelantan which is nearest to Sungai Golok and when one of the water river increase, the probability to the flood occur is high.

In Malaysia, floods are normal natural disasters which happen every year during the monsoon season because of Malaysia's geographical location, flood occurs naturally of cyclic monsoon during the local tropical wet season by a heavy and regular rainfall around October to March.

Flood that happened in some of the place in Malaysia not cause of the monsoon season. Like in Southern Johor, the flood hapened because of Global Warming effect because Johor is not within the usual monsoon affected zone.

Flood in Jeddah

The tragic flood was happen in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 25 November 2009. More than 100 peoples were died and hundreds were missing. Most of the families save their selves on the roofs to run away from the rising flood waters. The water raising quickly because of the drainage system that was unable to cope with the load of water.

Most of the people around the world and Saudis think that this area is impossible to gain horrible flood because of the kand of Jeddah is low and flat near Red Sea. There are many Dry Riverbeads that direct from the hills into the Eastern areas of Jeddah.

Sadly, many of these are had been built with uncontrolled and illegal by the poorer people. A rain of high amount transmits huge amounts of water into Jeddah through the Dry Riverbeds and then through the streets.

~ The Power of Floods~

Floods are primarily natural events, it occurs when water overflows or inundates land that's normally dry, commonly is happen when the river or streams overflow their banks. Usually floods take hours or even days to develop, so it given ample time to prepare or evacuate, but the floods also generate quickly and with little warning it can be extremely dangerous. Sometimes power surges cause machinery to explode or flash floods are so strong, they can carry cars off the road and trains off the tracks.

Human activity that changes the surface of the Earth also affects the water cycle, and can cause floods. It happen under normal circumstances, soil acts like a sponge and soaks up a fair portion of rainwater, but in crowded towns and cities, rainwater flows into storm sewers and drainage ditches, and at the same times the floods can overloads them. An urban area can be flooded by an amount of rainfall that would have had no impact in a rural area.

There are two basic types of floods, the first types of floods is when the floods happen in a regular river flood, the water slowly climbs over the edges of a river. The other type is the more dangerous flood is a flash flood, it normally occurs when a wall of water quickly sweeps over an area.

For people, floods give some effect for economic, emotional,and diseases such as, in the United States, where flood mitigation and prediction is advanced, floods do about $6 billion worth of damage and kill about 140 people every year and in China's Yellow River valley, where some of the world's worst floods have occurred, millions of people have perished in floods during the last century, (www.nationalgeographic.com).

For the environmentally floods it can be given important to local ecosystem, it happen because some river floods will bring nutrient to soil, for the example the Nile River in Egypt that would floods every year and bring nutrient. The people must be having a better understanding of floods cause because, the information about floods can help you to better prepare and perhaps minimize or prevent flood damage.

How earthquake happen??

So How Do Earthquake Occur Underneath the Earth Surface??

Well, this is what happen exactly :-

~The Earth is divided into a solid core, then molten magma mantle and the crust floating on top~






~The crust is broken up into plates. Convection currents in the magma cause the plates to move in different directions~


~Most Earthquakes occur at the plate boundaries~



~Where plates converges, one plate is drawn slowly beneath the other. This takes place over thousands of years~

~Where plates collide, rock layers are forced upwards creating mountains~


~Where plates diverge, lava emerges from the mantle and cools to form new sections of crust. Diverging plate boundaries are often found underwater~


~Other plates move very slowly alongside each other. Faults or also called as Fractures are found at the edges of the plates where the crust is moving in different directions ~


~In some places the plates become locked together. Kinetic energy builds up in the locked plates~

~When the plates give, the stored energy is released in the form of an earthquake. The point of earthquake's origin beneath the surface is called the hypocentre~



~An earthquake emits its power as three waves of energy. Primary or P-waves are felt as a sudden jolt. Secondary or S-waves waves arrive a few seconds later and are felt as a more sustained side-to-side shaking~

~Surface waves radiate outwards from the epicentre - the point on the surface directly above the hypocentre - and arrive after the main P and S waves~



The main thing is how to save your life and your loves one. Here are a few tips on how to keep you and your beloved ones safely. It might be useful for those who never experienced or are from a free earthquake country.

1) Pick safe places in each room of your home and your office or school.

2) move as little as possible to reach the place that you feel safe. Most injuries happen when people try to move more than a few feet during the shaking.

3) Hang items such as pictures and mirrors away from beds, couches or places that people sit or sleep. Earthquake might caused the wall to fall on you and you might be injured.

4) If you are in a coastal area, Drop, Cover and Holds On during an earthquake and then move immediately to higher ground when the shaking stops.

5) Drop to the ground and stay there until the shaking stops.

~200 feared dead in Haiti Crumbles~

Haiti 13 Jan, about two million of people were died when the strongest eartquake which measured 7.2 on the Richter scale, virtually destroyed the country's capital, Port-au-Prince, after hitting it with 35 times the force of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The quake is the most powerful to hit haiti in the 200 years. The electrical supplied was cut out and hit almost all district in Haiti. The bodies of victims neatly lined up, some covered in white sheets and some not.


Many of them are still trapped under the collapsed buildings, hoping for rescue team to save them. While others waiting for the medical, food, and water to continue their live. Aid organizations arrived from around the world to help the unfortunate Haitians,which have no home, no food, no water and no money to spend. People around the world who could feel the suffer would help them to rebuild their country by donating or act as volunteers because Haiti is not a rich country which is most Haitians are only farmers.





This image, from the commercially-operated GeoEye-1 satellite on the day after the earthquake, shows some buildings reduced to rubble. GeoEye-1 orbits 425 miles above the earth, but people show up as dark dots in the picture (http://abcnews.go.com/)